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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historlques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliog/aphiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couieur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  peiliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couieur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couieur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


0 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couieur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Ralid  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  ixi  fiimies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'lnstitut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  axemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-^tre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  una 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normaie  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


The 
tot 


nn    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  do  couieur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculdes 


r~n    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tacheties  ou  piquees 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  d^tachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materis 
Comprsnd  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seuie  Edition  disponible 


Fy]  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc.,  cnt  6t§  film^es  d  nouveau  de  facon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
pos 
oft 
filnr 


Orij 
beg 
the 
sioi 
oth 
firs 
sior 
or  I 


The 
sha 
TIN 
whi 

Mai 
diff 
enti 
beg 
righ 
reqi 
met 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

IPX 14X IBV  22X 

J 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g^ndrositd  de: 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  Ail 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empr&inte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  durnidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  iippiies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — >►  signifia  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  l(3ft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  f>s 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  >  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcossaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■■1 


) 
I 


/-\ 


■"'-<■•''€..    j^.'^-i*-e 


THE 


SPAm  L 
TlIERl 

been  ask 

tori  1 J  ans 

Fair  in  \\ 

public  mi 

asked  in  ■ 

papers  ai 

perliajDs  ( 

itself.     It 

point  of  V 

and  one  tl 

to  liave  ar 

question  ii 

touch  the : 

when  and 

The  onl 

this  inquir 

less  stood 

North  Am 

er  of  tliat  { 

tlie  name  o 

marauding 

coiiilned  to 


THE    ENGLISH    REDISCOVERY 

and  colonization  of 
America. 


SPAIN  DID  NOT  FIND  OR  FOUND  THE  NATION 

There  is  one  question  that  lias  many  times 
been  asked,  but  probably  not  so  often  ^tisfac- 
toril J  answered,  since  the  idea  of  a  great  World's 
Fair  m  lionor  of  Columbus  first  took  root  in  the 
piibhc  mind.     It  has  been  asked  in  public  and 
asked  in  private :  asked  in  the  columns  of  news- 
papers and  asked   "Over  the  Teacups"   and 
per  iai36  even  at  the  immortal  Breakfast  Table 
itselt     It  IS  a  question  that,  from  a  national 
point  of  view,  lies  at  the  root  of  the  whole  matter 
and  one  that  every  patriotic  American  will  wish 
to  have  answered  definitely  and  decisivelv     The 
question  is,   "Did   Christopher  Columbus  ever 
touch  the  mainland  of  Korth  America,  and,  if  so 
when  and  where  ? "  '        >.        > 

The  only  answer  that  can  possibly  be  given  to 
tills  inquiry  is,  that  Columbus  never  saw,  much 
bs  stood  upon,  the  shores  of  the  continent  of 
JNorth  America.  In  no  sense  washe  the  discover- 
er of  that  great  country  which  is  now  known  by 
the  name  of  the  United  States  of  America.  His 
^namuding  and  slave-hunting  expeditions  were 
conlmed  to  the  islands,  and  the  adjacent  coasts 


d 


THE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 


of  South  and  Central  America.  The  very  situ- 
ation of  the  first  land  he  saw  is  doubtful :  it  is 
known  that  it  was  one  of  the  islands  of  the 
Bahamas,  but  which  one  it  was  is  still  a  question. 
Governor  Blake,  of  the  Bahamas,  "  after  a  great 
deal  of  minute  and  well-reasoned  observation  on 
the  spot,  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  real 
place  where  Columbus  landed  was  what  is  now 
called  Watling's  Island,  and  not  Cat  Island,  as 
has  hitherto  been  usually  believed."  It  was  from 
this  spot  that  he  "  wrote  home  to  their  Catholic 
majesties  that  he  should  be  able  to  supply  them 
with  all  the  gold  they  needed,  with  spices,  cotton, 
mastic,  aloes,  rhubarb,  cinnamon,  and  slaves.' 
Slaves — as  many  of  these  idolaters  as  their  high- 
nesses shall  command  to  be  shipped.  Thus 
ended  the  visions  of  those  simple  natives  who, 
on  the  arrival  of  the  Europeans,  had  run  from 
hut  to  hut,  crying  out,  '  Come,  come  and  see  the 
people  from  heaven.'  Some  of  them  lived  to 
suspect  the  bearded  strangers  had  quite  a  differ- 
ent origin."  (Sir  Augustus  J.  Adderley,  in  a 
description  of  the  Bahamas  written  for  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Colonial  Exhibition,  Lon- 
don, 1886.) 

In  connection  with  this  subject,  it  may  be 
remarked  that  Columbus  came  very  near  discov- 
ering the  mainland  of  Florida,  for  he  was  heading 
directly  for  the  southern  part  of  the  peninsula 
when  he  was  induced  to  turn  and  take  a  more 
southerly  course — some  say  by  a  flight  of  sea-birds, 
wliile  others  affirm  that  he  was  guided  by  the 
more  practical  counsels  of  Martin  Alonzo  Pin- 
zon,  his  second  in  command,  who  is  shrewdly 
suspected  of  having  been  in  those  v/aters  before, 


COLONTZA  TION  OF  AMERICA.  8 

and  of  knowing  bettor  wliere  lie  was  tl.an  Colum- 
l.ns  himself.  TJiis  point  is  ablj  brought  forward 
by  I  rofessor  Paul  Gaffarel,  iu  his  important 
work,  "Les  Deoouvreurs  Fran^ais  du  XIV°>« 
uu  XVI-  Siecle,"  published  at  Paris  in  1888 
find  Ins  account  may  bo  briefly  summarized  as 
loliows: 

Jean   Cousin,  in   1488,  sailed   from  Dieppe 
then  the  great  commercial  and  naval   port  of 
trance,  and  bore  out  to  sea,  to  avoid  the  storms 
so  j)revalent  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.     Arrived  at 
the  atitude  of  the  Azores,  he  was  carried  west- 
ward by  a  current,  and   came  to  an  unknown 
country  near  the  mouth  of  an  immense  river 
lie  took  possession  of  the  continent,  but,  as  he 
iiad  not  a  sufficient  crew  nor  material  resources 
adequate   for  founding  a  settlement,  he  re-em- 
barked.   Instead  of  .returning  directly  to  Dieppe 
he  took  a  southeasterly  direction-that  is,  toward 
feouth  Africa-discovered   the  cape   which  has 
smce  retained   the  name  of  Cap  des  Aiguilles 
(tape  Agulhas.  the  southern  point  of  Africa) 
went  north  by  the  Congo  and  Guinea,  and  re- 
turned to  Dieppe  in  1489.     Cousin's  lieutenant 
was  a  Castilian,   Pinzon  by  name,    who    was 
jealous  of  his  captain,  and  caused  him  consid- 
erable trouble  on  the  Gold  Coast.     On  Cousin's 
comj)laint,  the  Admiralty  declared  him  unfit  to 
Borve  m   the   marine  of  Dieppe.     Pinzon  then 
retu-ed  to   Genoa,    and    afterward    to  Castile, 
^very  cn-cumstance  tends  toward  the  belief  that 
ins  is  the  same  Pinzon   to  whom   Columbus 
atterward  mtrusted  the  command  of  the  Pinta 
•  .  .    We  must  recollect   that   Columbus  had 
iost  all  iiope,  when  lie  was  suddenly  accosted  b^ 


wm 


i  THE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 

three  mariners  of  Palos,  skilled,  prudent,  and  re- 
nowned, who  became  his  friends.  Were  these 
men  inspired  by  the  enthusiasm  of  Columbus? 
Nothing  is  less  likely.  Reflection,  not  passio!! ; 
the  knowledge  of  an  earlier  voyage,  not  blind 
confidence  in  a  single  man — decided  these  cool  and 
cautious  navigators.  These  men  were  three  rel- 
atives, of  the  name  of  Pinzon  :  one  of  them  was 
Alonzo,  doubtless  the  old  lieutenant  of  Cousin. 
.  .  .  The  conduct  of  Pinzon  throughout  seems 
to  indicate  previous  acquaintance  with  the  con- 
tinent. Columbus's  son  confesses  that  his  father 
always  consulted  Alonzo  Pinzon  in  circumstances 
of  difficulty.  lie  held  frequent  and  long  con- 
sultations with  the  latter,  both  on  board  his  own 
ship  and  on  the  Finta^  and  decided  nothing  with- 
out having  consulted  him.  At  the  trial  of  the 
suit  between  Diego  Columbus  and  the  Spanisli 
Crown,  ten  witnesses  deposed  that  the  admiral 
asked  of  Pinzon  if  they  were  on  the  right  course, 
and  that  Pinzon  had  always  answered  in  tlie 
negative  until  the  southwesterly  direction  was 
taken.  Columbus  proceeded  like  a  man  wlio 
only  dreamed  what  he  was  executing,  and  Pinzon 
as  though  he  sought  a  road  formerly  traversed 
by  him.  He  was  so  convinced,  so  sure  of  him- 
self, that  Columbus  ended  by  listening  to  him. 
8(>ou  after,  they  touched  at  San  Salvador. 

The  Journal  of  Columbus  makes  full  admission 
of  tue  part  played  by  Pinzon  :  "  Martin  Alonzo 
Pinzon  expressed  the  opinion  that  we  should  do 
better  to  sail  in  a  southwesterly  direction  ;  before 
all  else,  it  was  necessary,  he  said,  to  reach  the  terra 
firma  of  Asia ;  we  saw  the  islands  soon  after." 

Pinzon  also  took  a  leading  part  at  the  discns- 


Hiun  W11 

tiimanc 

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seems  t 

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and  Col 

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of  the  di 

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of 'the  N( 

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written  i 

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iiirds,  in 

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tive.andi: 

imist  be 

undertake 


COLONIZATION  OF  AMERICA.  5 

Hiun  with  the  seamen,  and  stroncrly  urged  the  con- 
tiimance  of  the  voyage.  It  was  Pirizon  who  iirst 
announced  the  sight  of  land  ;  and,  indeed,  Pinzon 
scL-ms  to  have  been  both  the  good  and  the  evil 
genius  of  the  voyage,  for  ho 'delayed,  deserted, 
and  endeavored  to  anticipate  Columbus  at  every 
ix.ssible  opportunity.  In  fact,  he  behaved  to 
Columbus  much  as  he  had  behaved  to  Cousin  ; 
and  Columbus's  son,  while  he  praises  his  qualities 
as  a  seaman,  complains  bitterly  of  his  malignity 
and  contumacy. 

.Much  confusion  Jias  been  caused  in  the  history 
(.f  the  discovery  of  America  by  a  duplication  on 
the  old  maps  of  the  eastern  portion  of  Cuba,  and 
the  amplifying  of  the  western  or  false  Cuba  into 
a  continent,  just  as  the  island  of  Tierra  del  Fue<ro 
furniing  the  southern  side  of  the  Strait  of  Ma- 
gelhui,  was  supposed  to  form  part  of  an  immense 
antarctic  continent.     The  false  Cuba   lias  been 
6upi)osed  to  be  a  real  representation  of  a  portion 
of  the  North  American  continent— namely,  Flor- 
ida and  the  parts  adjacent;  but  the  name' Cuba 
written  upon  it  gives  the  key  to  the  error,  the 
mil  Cuba  being  known  on  these  maps  as  Isa- 
hella,  which  name  was  given  to  it  by  the  Span- 
liird.s  in  honor  of  their  queen.     The  earliest  at- 
tested discovery  of  Florida  is  that  by  Juan  Ponce 
do  Leon,  in  1513,  although  there  is  a  probability 
tlmt  It  had  been  previously  found  by  Sebastian 
d  Oeampo,  in  1508. 

The  question  of  the  discovery  of  North  America 
hy  Columbus  must,  then,  be  answered  in  the  nega- 
tive, and  in  order  to  find  the  true  discoverers  search 
must  be  made  among  the  records  of  voyages 
undertaken  prior  to   1508,    The  earliest  voy- 


TBE  EAULlSll  lih: DISCOVERY  AND 


ages  of  which  any  Kiibstaiitial  or  deliiiitf  proof 
can  bo  achhiced  arc  thoeo  of  tiie  Northmen  from 
Icehintl  and  Greenland,  resultitjg  in  a  colonizn- 
tion  wliich  lasted  from  its  beginnings  in  a.d.  1005 
until,  at  all  events,  a.d.  1347,  tlie  year  in  which 
we  have  the  last  actual  intelligence  of  any  voyage 
])ctween  Greenland  and  Markland,  as  the  nearest 
of  the  Norse-American  colonies  was  called.  Tiiis 
was  probably  the  present  Nova  Scotia,  being,  as 
its  name  implies,  a  wooded  country.  Farther 
south  was  Vinland,  corresponding  to  Khode  Isl- 
and and  Massachusetts  ;  how  much  more  to  the 
southward  the  Northmen  penoi;rated  is  not  known, 
but  traces  of  their  long-continued  presence  in  the 
country  liave  been  found  in  the  Indian  legends 
collected  by  the  well-known  author,  Mr.  Charles 
G.  Leland,  and  in  othei  more  palpable  and  tangible 
remains  that  have  been  found  in  various  parts  of 
the  New  England  States.  For  further  details 
concerning  these  early  voyages,  see  "  The  Ice- 
landic Discoverers  of  America,"  by  Miss  Marie 
A.  Brown,  now  Mrs.  Shipley. 

Between  1274  and  1325  these  colonies  are 
spoken  of  by  M.  Paul  Riant,  in  his  "Expeditions 
et  Pelerinages  Scandinaviens,"  as  being  affected 
by  the  crusading  movement  in  Europe,  and  in 
1312  Bishop  Arne,  of  Gardar,  preached  the  Cru- 
sades in  Iceland,  Greenland,  and  Vinland,  and  had 
charge  of  the  appropriation  of  a  tithe  of  the 
church  revenues  for  six  years,  which  had  been 
voted  by  the  church  councils  at  Lyons,  Vienna. 
and  Trondhjem,  for  the  purpose  of  the  Crusades. 
A  ship  arriving  from  Greenland,  in  1325,  brought 
the  tithes  from  the  American  colonies,  consistini' 
of  127  pounds  of  walrus-teeth,  which  were  sold 


to  Jean 

for  them 

standard 

Tiiese 

ropo,  an 

reciords  r 

l)ro,scrve( 

Krik  tlie 

lii.s  valiar 

hi.sdaugli 

husband, 

words,   e 

^'ui.slied  11 

last- name 

the  accoi] 

or  less  V 

traded  wi 

shown,  El 

tho.^e  of  I 

with  that  i 

in  1477,  Si 

and  it  w( 

bishop  an 

conversed 

this  subje 

records  ex] 

the  great 

(yawning  a 

are  called, 

good,  the  r 

iire  deserti 

Jive;  them 

(Codex  Lo^i 

'^Froni  G: 

then  Mark; 


COLONIC  A  TION  OF  AMERICA.  f 

to  Joan  du  Pre,  a  Flemish  merchant,  who  paid 
f(»r  them  twelve  livres  and  fourteen  eons  (Tours 
sturxlurd). 

These  colonies  were  then  well  known  in  Eu- 
ropo,  and  the  place  where  more  especially  the 
re(!<)rd8  rehitin^r  to  these  voyages  and  events  were 
preserved   was   Iceland.     Here   the    names  of 
Krik  the  Red,  the  colonizer  of  Greenland,  and 
his  valiant  sons,  Leif  the  Lucky  and  Thorvald, 
his  daughter-in-law,  Gudrid,and  her  famous  third 
Imshand,  Thorfinn   Karlsefne,    were    Jiousehold 
words,  especially  as  some  of  the  most  distin- 
^'Uhslied  men  in  Iceland  were  descended  fr  mthe 
last-named  couple.     There   is   little  douht  that 
tlie  accounts  of  these  voyages  spread,  in  a  more 
or  less  vague  form,  among  the  countries  which 
traded  with  Iceland,  and,  as  Finn  Magnusen  has 
.shown,  English  merchants,  and  more  ospecially 
those  of  Bristol,  carried  on  a  considerable  trade 
with  that  island.    It  is  well  known  that  Columbus 
in  1477,  sailed  from  Bristol  and  visited  Iceland' 
and  It  would  be  little  short  of  a  miracle  if  the 
bisiiup  and  other  learned  men  with  whom  he 
conversed  did  not  relate  to  liim  all  they  knew  on 
tins  subject,   including  the  fact   that,  as  their 
records  expressed  it,  "Westward  from  Spain,  over 
the  great  sea,  which  some   call  Ginnungagap 
(yawning abyss),  there  lie  lands  in  the  midst  which 
are  called,  the  tirst  one,  northward,  Vinland  the 
good,  the  next  Markland  ;  still  to  the  north  there 
are  deserts,  where  the  Skraelings  (Esquimaux) 
Jive ;  then  there  are  deserts  still  on  to  Greenland" 
(todex  Legati  Arnae  Magnusen,  770) ;  and  again, 
'i^rom  Greenland  to  the  south  lies  Helluland, 
then  Markland ;  thence  it  is  not  far  to  Vinland 


8 


THE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 


which  some  think  goes  on  to  Africa  "  (Cod.  Leg. 
A.  M.,  736). 

Similar  intelh'gence  had  probably  come  to  the 
ears  of  many  nerchants  and  frequenters  of  the 
town  and  port  of  Bristol,  which  was  then  to 
England  what  Liverpool  is  now  ;  and  especially 
was  it  known  to  a  certain  John  Cabot,  who  had 
arrived  there  from  Venice,  with  his  family, 
somewhere  about  the  year  1490.  Of  him  more 
will  be  said  later,  but  it  mi  it  ow  be  remarked 
that  Cabot's  voyage  was  not  the  first  that  had 
been  undertaken  by  the  English  with  the  express 
object  of  discovering  lands,  of  which  they  had 
heard  more  or  less  definitely,  across  the  western 
sea.  Pedro  de  Ayala  writes  to  the  King  and 
Queen  of  Spain,  on  the  25th  of  July,  1498: 
"  The  people  of  Bristol  have  for  seven  years 
.nee  sent  every  year  two,  three,  or  four  caravels 
in  St  irch  of  tlie  isle  of  Brasil  and  the  seven 
cities,  according  to  the  notions  of  this  Genoese.'' 
AVilliam  of  Worcester  mentions  a  voyage  of 
Thomas  Lloyd,  to  whom  a  patent  was  granted  in 
1480,  and  who  commanded  a  ship  equipped  by 
John  Jay  of  Bristol,  but  returned  after  seven 
months  without  having  landed. 

The  first  of  these  mariners  from  Bristol  to  find 
the  long-sought  western  lands  was  John  Cabot, 
with  liis  sons  Louis,  Sebastian,  and  Sancho. 
The  nationality  of  these  important  personages  is 
uncertain,  but  the  probability  is  that  John, 
the  father,  was  a  Genoese  by  birth,  that  is,  that 
he  was  born  at  the  village  of  Castiglione,  within 
t].e  confines  of  the  republic  of  Genoa.  It  is 
certain,  from  entries  found  by  the  late  Rawdon 
Browne  in  the  archives  of  Venice,  that  the  privi- 


le<rc  of  Vei 

on  the  28t] 

having  res 

the  legal  q 

T^  is  pract 

born  befon 

was  "almc 

edge  of  "  h 

brought   hi 

that  lie  was 

to  England 

TJie  pate 

made  was  d 

year  of   Hi 

(John  Cabo 

Sanclio)  wer 

iiag,  with  fi\ 

cover  islandi 

Christians;  ■ 

and  possess  t 

the  profits  to 

port  of  Brist( 

dipe  into  the  ( 

the  exchisive 

they  might  d 

are  cliarged  t 

TJio  first  e: 

beginning  of 

Mattheio.     O 

tJiey  discoven 

fonnd  an  ish 

because  it  w£ 

Themapprese 

at  Paris,  tlie 

purports  to  c^ 


COLOmZATlON  OF  AMERICA.  9 

Icjrcof  Venetian  citizenship  wae conferred  onhim 
o„  the  28th  of  March,  1476,  in  consequence  of  h^ 
having  resided  there  for  fifteen  years,  which  was 
0  legal  qnaliiication  of  an  alien  for 'citizenshT 
>  IS  practically  certain,  also,  that  Sebastian  was 
born  before  this  period ;  and  that  when  the  laMer 
™s  "almost  a  child,"  yet  having  some  knowl 
edge  of  "humanities  and  the  sphere,"  his  fa^er 
Wugbt  him  to  England.     The  p^obabiU  y 
l.at  he  was  born  about  1473  or  1474,  and  came 
to  England  about  1490. 

The  patent  under  which  their  first  voyage  was 
made  was  dated  the  5th  of  March,  in  the  elevemh 
year  of   Henry   VII.    fUQCV      Ti,„    '"''™°"' 
rinl,.,  fioK„*      J  I.       ^'*'"->     Ahe  patentees 
(John  Cabot  and  h,s  sons  Louis,  Sebastian,  and 
feanclio  were  authorized  to  sail  under  the  Enghsh 
flag,  wi  hhve  ships,  at  their  own  charges,  to  d 
eve,,  islands,  countries,  e'^.,  hitherto  uf  ki^own  to 
Chn  bans;  to  set  up  the  royal  banners,  occupy 
and  possess  the  countries ;  to  pay  one-fifth  part  of 

tC  P'-*:  ^  '">  «'«'  ^'^Vb  to  returnCl^ 
portof  Bristol ;  to  bring  their  goods  and  merchat 

=0  into  the  country  free  of  customs,  and  to  have 
ho  e.c  nsive  right  of  trading  with  he  connS 
Ley  might  discover;  and  all  the  king's  sZTts 
are  chaj^ed  to  render  them  help  and^assistance 

The  hrst  expedition  sailed  from  Bristol  in  tJic 

Matthew.    On  the  24th  of  June,  in  the  mornino- 

ey  .hscovered  land  and  on  the  same  day  th  y 

e  I'i,  'f  "-^'^Wch  they  named  S.  Juan^ 

because  it  was  discovered  on  St.  John's  day 

J.™ppreservedintheBibliotheq„eNationae 

li'    '  !  ®  ""'■^  ''"'«"='  '■««°''d  ^^  have  which 
purports  to  come  from  the  land  of  SebastLn 


10         TEE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 

Cabot,  affords  the  above  information,  and  calls 
the  land  first  seen  Prima  terra  vista.    It  marks 
this  land  at  the  northern   extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia,  or  of  Cape  Breton  Island,  which  is  not 
separated  from  the  mainland  ;  S,  Jnan  is  marked 
in  a  position  corresponding  to  that  of  Prince 
Edward  Island.     But  as  this  is  hardly  likely  to 
have  been  the  first  landfall  after  a  voyage  from 
England,  and  as  the  next  record  we  have  is  that 
they  coasted  north  or  northwest,   until    they 
were  stopped  by  the  ice,  it  is  very  nmch  more 
likely  that  the  northern  point  of  Newfoundland 
was  the  locality  of  the  landfall,  and  that  the 
island  called  S.  Juan  was  Belle  Isle,  which  could 
easily  have  been  discovered  on  the  same  day  as 
Cape  Bauld,  even  by  a  vessel  which  had  made 
tlie  voyage  out  from  Bristol  at  the  rate  of  about 
45  miles  a  day.    The  further  direction  of  the 
voyage  is  reported  with  a  variety  of  detail  by 
those  who  profess  to  have  had  it  from  Cabot. 
They  agree,  however,  that  he  went  northwest 
along  the  coast :  "  But  after  some  days,"  says  Ea- 
musio,  speaking  as  though  quoting  Cabot,  "I 
found  that  the  land  prolonged  itself  toward  the 
tramontane  (north),  which  displeased  me  infinite- 
ly.    I  coasted,  ne  vertheless,  in  the  hope  of  finding 
a  gulf  into  which  I  could  turn.    I  found  none ;  but 
I  remarked  that  the  land  continued  as  far  as  56" 
under  our  pole.     Seeing  that  in  this  place  the 
coast  inclined  toward  the  east,  and  despairing  of 
finding  a  passage,  I  returned  on  my  route  in 
order  to  reconnoitre  anew  the  said  coast  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  equator,  always  with  the  intention 
of  finding  a  passage  to  go  to  the  Indies,  and  I 
arrived  at  the  part  to-day  called  Florida,"  Qther 


COL>       ZATION  OF  AMERICA.  l\ 

accounts  speal  vast  heaps  of  ice,  which  caused 
him  to  :rn  soutliward  until  l,e  came  nearly  to 
he  latitude  of  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  and 
crelmg  to  the  west  until  the  isle  of  Cuba  waa 
on  h,8  eft,  and  nearly  in  the  same  longitude  " 
(account  by  Peter  Martyr). 

These  accounts-allowing  for  errors,  and  re- 
mcmbering  that  latitude  could  be  determined 
w.th   approximate   certainty,  while   longitude 
could  on  y  be  imperfectly  stated-may  be  taken 
0  mean,  that  the  Cabots,  having  discovered  New- 
foundland    Belle  Isle,  and    Labrador,  coasted 
along  the  latter  until  they  came  to  the  place,  in 
about  06°  north  latitude,  where  the  coa^t  tu  ns" 
not  eastward,  but  in  that  direction  relatively  to 
.te  former  cour^     From  a  general  northwester- 
ly  dwjetion,  Cabot  would  here    find  himself 
ohhged  to  steer  almost  due  north  in  order  tofol- 
^w  the  coast  of  Labrador.    This  turn  to  the 

1,E  IT?,''  f  ^?  f»™e'' course,  "displeased 

m  nhmtely,"  and,  taken  in  conjunction  with 

"vast  heaps  of  ice,"  determined  him  to  re- 

n  and  seek  a  more  southerly  passage  to  Ca- 

ayChma)  which,  according  to  Eamusio,  w^ 

the  object  of  his  search.    Either  on  this  voyage 

iru-T^^Vt  """'  ''"  '""^^^  southward  to 
the  laftude  of  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  which 
vo»ld  bnng  him  nearly  to  Cape  HatteM 
t  ..fore  u.to  that  part  of  America  which,  at 
lie  time  Ramusio  wrote,  was  vaguely  and  looselv  ■ 

Sf  1!     '.''^l'™  P""'*''"'  "^  Cuba,  which 
extends  eastward  of  west  longitude  75 ^  while 


v\ 


1»:        TEE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 


From  the  short  time  that  Cabot  had  for  these 
extensions  of  his  voyage,  it  seems  more  likely 
that  this  southward  exploration  was  not  under- 
taken during  his  first  voyage.  He  was  back  in 
London  the  last  week  in  August,  and  if  liis 
progress  during  the  other  portions  of  his  voyage 
was  not  more  rapid  than  while  crossing  tlie 
Atlantic  outward-bound,  he  must  have  had  little 
more  than  time  for  his  coasting  voyage  to  latitude 
56«^  north,  and  his  return  by  way  of  Newfound- 
land. 

His  reception  in  England  was  highly  flattering. 
To  sum  it  up  in  the  words  of  Pasqualigo,  a  Vene- 
tian merchant :  "  The  news  of  his  discoveries  of 
the  isle*  of  Brazil,  the  seven  cities,  and  the  king- 
dom of  the  Grand  Khan,  produced  a  remarkable 
impression.  Calbot  bore  tlie  'title  of  Admiral. 
They  rendered  him  great  honors :  he  was  clothed 
in  silk,  and  the  English  ran  after  him  like  mad- 
men." Perhaps  this  title  of  Admiral  supplies  the 
missing  clue  as  to  why,  in  the  ambiguous  inscrip- 
tion on  Sebastian  Cabot's  portrait,  either  he  or 
his  father  is  described  as  miles. 

Another  contemporary,  Eaymondode  Soncino, 
writing  to  the  Duke  of  Milan,  Dec.  18,  1497, 
says:  "This  Master  John  (Cabotto)  hath  the 
description  of  the  world  in  a  chart,  and  also  in  a 
solid  globe  which  he  made,  and  he  shows  where  he 
landed.  .  .  .  And  they  affirm  that  the  sea  is  cov- 
ered with  fishes,  which  are  caught  not  only  rith 
the  net,  but  with  baskets,  a  stone  being  tied  to 
them  in  order  that  the  baskets  may  sink  in  the 
water,  and  this  I  heard  the  said  Master  John  re- 
late, and  the  aforesaid  Englishmen,  his  comrades, 
say  they  will  bring  so  many  i  ^hes  that  this 


COLONIZATION  OP  AMKttlOA,  1| 

kiMgdom  will  no  longer  have  need  of  Iceland, 
from  which  country  there  comes  a  very  great 
store  of  fish  which  are  called  stock-fish."    Here 
we  have  incidental  confirmation  of  the  English 
trade  with  Iceland.     If  more  were  needed   we 
have  It  m  an  old  map  of  Iceland,  dated  1539    in 
winch  ships  labeled  Bremen,  Angli,  Scoti,  and 
fianiburg,  are  seen  in  the  ocean  off  the  coast  of 
the  island.     The  map  is  printed  in  the  first  vol- 
ume of  Justin  .Winsor's  Narrative  and  Critical 
History  of  America,  along  with  an  immense  mass 
0.  undigested  information,   out  of  which  the 
readei  's  left  to  pick  his  own  conclusions  as  best 
he  can. 

After  Cabot's  return  from  this  voyage  he  re- 
ceived from  Henry  YII.  a  gift  of  ten  pounds 
and  an  annuity  of  twenty  pounds  sterling,  pay- 
Hble  half-yearly  out  of  the  customs  of  the  port  of 

^t  .Ino^^'  ^^^"^  ^^"-    ^^'   1*^7'   sealed 
Jan.  28,  1498.)    On  the  third  of  February,  1498 

a  second  patent  was  granted  to  John  Cabot  only' 

allowing  him  to  take  six  English  ships,  of  200 

tons  burden  or  under,  to  convey  and  lead  them 

to  the  Land  and  Isles  of  late  found  by  the  said 

John  in  our  name  and  by  our  commandment " 

Ihis  patent  was  found  in  the  Rolls  Chapel  by 

iMl^  Liddle  (Memoir  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  1831) 

The  re«ult  of  this  voyage  is  not  fully  known. 

Ubots  papers  are,  it  is  feared,  irrecoverably 

ost  having  been  last  heard  of  as  being  in  the 

hands  of  a  certain  William  Worthington,  who 

^»   557  uiid.r  Philip  and  Mary,  was  associated 

with  Sebastian  Cabot  in  the  pension  previously 

I'eld  by  the  latter  alone.     In  Hakluyt's  earlier 

work  (1582)  he  says  that  Worthington  was  wiM- 


14        THE  mOLtm  kEDISCOVERY  AND 


ing  to  have  them  pubhshed;  but  in  his  more 
complete  "  Principal  Navigations"  (1598-1600) 
he  complains  tliat  he  is  nnable  to  get  a  sight  of 
them.   The  inference  is  that  they  were  no  longer 
in  Worthington's  possession,  and  to  this  we  shall 
return  later.     The  evidences  we  have  as  to  tlio 
second  voyage  are  reports  of  Sebastian  Cabot's 
conversations  with  his  friends,  and  a  letter  quoted 
by  Eamnsio,  in  which  he  speaks  of  "  having  sailed 
a  long  time  west  and  by  north,  beyond  those 
islands,  unto  the  latitude  of  67  degrees  and  a  half 
under  the  North  Pole,  and  at  the  eleventh  day 
of  June,  finding  still  the  open  sea  without  any 
manner  of  impediment,  he  thought  verily  by 
that  way  to  have  passed  on  still  the  way  to  Ca- 
thaia,  which  is  in  the  East,  and  would  have  done 
it,  if  the  mutiny  of  the  shipmaster  and  mar- 
iners had  not  hindered  him  and  caused  him  to 
return  homewards  from  that  place."     (Hakluyt, 
vol.  3.)     Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,   Lord   Bacon, 
and  Hakluyt  in  his  Discourse  on  Western  Plant- 
ing, all  name  67°  or  67^°  as  the  northern  limit 
of  Cabot's  voyages.     This  would  bring  him  to 
what  is  now  called  Cumberland  Island,  and  in 
making  this  voyage  he  must  have  passed  Hudson 
Strait.     This  strait  is  not  shown  in  the  Paris 
Cabot  map  of  1544,  but  it  is  mentioned  by  E. 
Willes,  in  a  tract  reprinted  in  Hakluyt,  as  being 
shown  on  the  copy  then  preserved  at  Chenies, 
the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Bedford,   which 
places  the  strait  between  61°  and  64'-^  north  lat- 
itude, the  true  position  being  about  61°  north 
latitude.    It  seems  probable  that  Sebastian  Cabot 
found  this  opening,  and  was  unable  at  that  time 


COLONIZATION  OF  AMERICA, 


15 


to  explore  it  further,  but  reserved  the  knowledge 
for  future  use. 

After  this  voyage,  he  appears  to  have  gone  to 
Spain,  giving  as  his  reason  the  great  tumults  in 
England,  "  and  preparations  for  wars  in  Scotland 
by  reason  whereof  there  was  no  more  considera- 
tion had  to  this  voyage."     (Ramusio,  quoted  by 
Hakluyt.)    Here  he  probably  met  with  Juan  de 
la  Cosa,  who,  on  a  map  dated  1500,  has  placed  the 
words  Mar  descuhierta  por  Ingled  (Sea  discov- 
ered  by  the  English)  and   several  names  along 
the  coast,  among  which  are  Cape  Ynglaterra  and 
Cape  S.   Johan.     This  information  must  have 
been  derived  either  directly  or  indirectly  from 
Cabot  himself. 

In  1512   Sebastian  Cabot  took   service  with 
Ferdinand  of  Spain,  and  in  1518  he  was  made 
Piloto  Mayor  by  Charles  Y.,  with  the  dutv  of  ex- 
amining all  pilots  leaving  Spain  for  the  Indies,  as 
to  their  fitness  for  the  work.    In  1524  he  attended 
the  conference  at  Badajoz  for  determining  the 
longitude  of  the  Moluccas,  and  gave  evidence  as 
an  expert  along  with  Estevan  Gomez,  Nunez 
Garcia,  and  Diego  Ribero,  all  of  whom  were 
ordered  to  produce  their  maps,  globes,  and  instni- 
nients  for  deciding  the  matter  in  question,  which 
was,  whether  the  Moluccas  were  east  or  west  of 
the  line  drawn  by  Pope  Alexander  VI.,  and  sub- 
sequently  altered  by  the  Treaty  of  Tordesillas  in 
1494,  by  virtue  of  which  the  discoveries  in  one- 
half  of  the  globe  were  to  belong  to  Spain  and 
tliose  m  the  other  to  Portugal.     This  appoint- 
ment of  Cabot  to  attend  this  conference  places 
inm  among  the  four  most  learned  geographers 
ot  the  day,  and  emphasizes  the  high  regard  in 


te 


THE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 


which  he  was  held  in  Spain.  Previous  to  this, 
in  1622,  he  had  made  overtures  to  the  Venetians 
for  the  transfer  of  his  services  to  the  republic 
which  he  claimed  as  his  native  land,  saying  that 
he  could  show  them  a  way  of  great  profit  which 
he  had  discovered.  But  these  negotiations  came 
to  nothing,  although  the  correspondence  seems 
to  have  been  kept  up  for  many  years.  In  1547, 
he  wa8  sent  for  "  to  serve  and  inhabit  in  Eng- 
land," and  a  pension  was  granted  him  by  Edward 
VI.,  together  with  the  rank  of  Grand  Pilot  of 
England.  In  1549,  the  emperor  sent  for  him  to 
return  to  Spain,  but  he  refused  to  do  so ;  and  a 
similar  answer  was  returned  to  a  further  demand 
after  the  accession  of  Mary.  In  1553,  and  again 
in  1555,  companies  were  chartered  to  open  u]),  if 
possible,  a  northeast  passage  to  China,  and  Cabot 
was  made  governor  for  life  of  those  companies. 
He  did  not,  however,  sail  in  these  expeditions, 
but  made  his  last  appearance  in  public,  bein^ 
now  over  eighty  years  of  age,  at  an  inspection 
and  farewell  banquet  held  on  the  occasion  of  the 
departure  of  the  Searchtkrift  on  the  second  of 
these  expeditions  in  1556.  He  is  said  to  have 
died  in  1557,  in  which  year  an  event  occurred 
that  has  been  already  alluded  to,  and  that  is  not 
without  a  certain  significance  in  regard  to  the 
almost  entire  absence  of  direct  memorials  of  his 
voyages. 

As  has  been  remarked,  a  pension  of  £166  135. 
4:d.  was  granted  him  by  Edward  VI.,  to  date  from 
Michaelmas  1548.  In  1550,  tiie  pension  granted 
by  Henry  VII.  was  renewed,  and  a  further  re- 
newal or  confirmation  was  granted  by  Mary.  In 
1557,  Cabot  was  induced,  we  do  not  know  under 


a,;8 

m 


COLONIZATION  OF  AMERICA.  17 

what  pretext,  to  resign  liis  pension,  and  two  days 

f  n.^    Yx.^^^  ^  "^'^  ^'•^"*=  ^^^«  "^ade  to  him  and 
\V  lUiani  Worthington,  jointly.     This  was  during 
the  reign  of  a  Roman  Catholic  queen,  who  was 
married  to  a  Spanish  king ;  and  when  we  remem- 
ber that  Sebastian  Cabot  had   been  in  great  re- 
quest m  Spain,  and  had  been  twice  sent  for  by 
the  I^mperor,  diaries  V.,  and   Jiad   refused  to 
leturn ;  also,  that  lie  was  supposed  to  be  in  pos- 
session of  information  as  to  a  passage  to  Cliina 
which  lie  considered  of  great  value-consider' 
ing  all  this  we  cannot  wonder  if  Philip  of  Spain 
used  all  his  influence  to  get  hold  of  his  maps 
and  papers.     After  Cabot's  death  they  certainly 
came  into    the  Iiands   of  Worthington,  as   re- 
lated by  Hakluyt;  and,  as  certainly,  Worthing- 
ton  never  produced    them,   though   repeatedly 
yu'-ed  to  do  so,  and  though  he  had  in  the  first 
instance  declared  liimself  "  very  willing  to  suffer 
tlieiri  to  be  overseen,  and  published  in  as  good 
order  as  may  be,  to  the  encouragement  and  bene- 
Jitot  our  countrymen."  (Ilakluyt,  1582.)     This 
suppression  of  "all  his  (Cabot's)  own  maps  and 
discourses,  drawn  and  written  by  himself,"  looks 
on  tlie  face  of  it,  very  much  as  if  the  King  of 
^pam  had  used  Jiis  position  as  husband  of  the 
Queen   of  England   to    obtain    Cabot's  papers, 
which  must  have  fallen  into  Worthington's  hands 
'"'inediately  on  the  death  of  the  Grand  Pilot 
^pain  had    from    the  first  worked  against   the 
i^ngiish  discovery,  and  tried  to  turn  Henry  VII 
^tt  fioni  the  matter.     In  the  transcripts  from  the 
^panish  archives  relating  to  England,  there  is  a 
etter  from  Ferdinand  and   Isabella  to  Dr.  de 
iiebla,  their  representative   in  England,  dated 


I 


18         THE  ENQIISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 

March  28,  1496,  wliich  contains  the  following 
significant  passage:  "You  write  that  a  person 
like  Columbus  has  come  to  England  for  the  pur- 
pose of  persuading  the  king  to  enter  into  an  un- 
dertaking similar  to  that  of  the  Indies,  without 
prejudice  to  Spain  and  Portugal.  He  is  quite  at 
liberty.  But  we  believe  that  this  undertaking  was 
thrown  in  the  way  of  the  King  of  England  by  tlie 
King  of  France,  with  the  premeditated  intention 
of  distracting  him  from  his  other  business.  Take 
care  that  the  King  of  England  be  not  deceived 
in  this  or  in  any  other  matter.  The  French  will 
try  as  liard  as  they  can  to  lead  liim  into  such 
undertakings,  but  they  are  vQry  uncertain  enter' 
prises,  and  must  not  be  gone  into  at  present.  Be- 
sides, they  cannot  be  executed  without  prejudice 
to  us  and  to  the  King  of  Portugal." 

This  last  remark  no  doubt  refers  to  the  cele- 
brated line  of  demarcation  drawn  by  the  Pope, 
and  finally  settled  by  the  Treaty  of  Tordesillae, 
by  which  all  lands  discovered  west  of  a  line  drawn 
370  leagues  west  of  the  Azores  were  to  belong 
to  Spain,  and  those  east  of  that  line,  to  Portugal. 
The  prolongation  of  this  line  on  the  other  side 
of  the  globe  was  also  to  form  a  boundary  between 
the  possessions  of  the  two  countries,  and  in  the 
then  uncertain  state  of  all  calculations  of  longi- 
tude, it  was  not  easy  to  say  what  lands  lay  on 
the  Spanish  side  of  this  line  and  what  on  the  Por- 
tuguese side.  The  Portuguese,  for  instance,  who 
claimed  Brazil,  as  being  on  their  own  side  of  this 
line,  made  the  same  claim  with  regard  to  the 
lands  discovered  by  Cabot.  They  accordingly 
sent  Cortereal  to  take  possession  of  them  in  the 
name  of  Portugal ;  but  his  expedition  came  to 


COLONIZA  TION  OF  AMERICA.  10 

an  unfortunate  end,  and  little  was  accomplished 
The  IWtugiiese  kept  up  their  claim  by  marking 
on  their  maps  the  name  Terra  Corterealis,  or 
Term  de  Cortereal,  above  which  they  placed 
Tma  de  Lavm^ador  de  Rey  de  Portugall,  and 
above  that  again,  far  away  to  the  northward 
Terra  de  loa  LufWes  (English).    The   emphat- 
ic marking  twice  over  on  the  Cabot  map  of  1644 
of  Pri7na  terra  vista,  and  claiming  it  as  a  por- 
tion of  the  mainland,   together  with  the  note 
describing  the  discovery,  seem  to  have  been  in- 
tended  by  way  of  counter-claim  to  the  Portu- 
|?nesc  claims  on  behalf  of  Oortereal.     Another 
voyager  whose  alleged  discoveries  are  marked  on 
these  early  maps  was  Estevan  Gomez,  whom  we 
liave  mentioned  as  one  of  the  Spanish  experts  at 
the  conference  at   Badajoz,  and   who  in  1525 
made  a  voyage  along  the  coast  of  the  United 
Mates,  but  does  not  appear  to  have  got  farther 
iioi-th  than  42^-,  or  near  Cape  Ann,  to  the  north 
of  Boston.    The  only  important  disputant  of  the 
claims  of  Cabot  appears  then  to  be  Cortereal,  and 
iiis  name  IS  regularly  placed  against  the  coasts 
ot  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  on  the  Portu- 
guese maps,  while  the  Spanish  and  English  maps 
name  the  English  as  the  discoverers  of  those 
iands.    A  Latm  note  on  a  Portuguese  map  sum- 
marizes the  voyages  of  Cortereal :   "  This  land 
Uspar  Cortereal,  a  Portuguese,  first  discovered, 
and  took  away  with  him  savages  from  the  woods, 
and  white  bears.    In  it  is  a  very  great  multitude 
of  anmials  and  birds,  also  fishes.     The  next  year 
iie  suliered  shipwreck,  and  never  returned    The 
same  thing  happened  in  the  following  year  to 
liis  brother  Michael."    The  name  Labrador  is 


JO        TOE  ENQLISH  liEDJSCOVERY  AND 


said  to  liavo  been  derived  from  this  circMiinfetanoc 
of  slaves  (labourers)  having  been  taken  tliere. 
Others  say  that  it  was  a  "  labourer,"  or  hhive, 
taken  on  board  at  the  Azores,  who  first  saw  tiie 
land,  which  was  therefore  called  "Labourers 
land." 

These  voyat^es  of  Cortereal  in  1500  and  1501, 
however,- cannot  bo  regarded  as  serious  rivals  to 
that  of  Cabot,  since  they  were  evid*  iitly  only  un- 
dertaken in  order  to  claim  these  landn  alrcadjr 
discovered,  on  behalf  of  Portufral.    The  Enjrlisli 
claim  was  recognized  in  Spain,  even  as  earlv  as 
1500,  since  Cosa,  in  that  year,  inscribed  on  his 
celebrated  map  the  words  "  Sea  discovered  by  the 
English."     The    Spaniards    were  able  to  take 
an   unprejudiced  view  of  the  matter,  because 
these  lands  were  at  that  time  believed  to  be 
within  the  Portuguese  hemisphere  as  defined  at 
Tordesillas.      And  here  it  must  be  remarked, 
that  the  claims  of  Spain   and   Portugal  to  all 
new  discoveries,  each  country  liaving  a  hemi- 
sphere to  itself,  left  no  room  for  other  nations 
to  make  discoveries  for   their  own  advantage, 
or  even  to  make  voyages  to  the  lands  already 
discovered.    "Whatever  was  done,  had  to  be  done 
in  a  furtive  way,  and  at  great  risk.     Speaking  of 
the  French  vc;,ago&  in  these  waters.  Professor 
Gaffarel  says:    " A.^     one  of  tiiem  were  igno- 
rant of  the  daagerd  to  which  they  exposed  tliem- 
selves  in  thus  braving  the  power  of  Spain,  they 
prudently  kept  the  secret  of  their  operations, 
and  the  silence  of  contemporaries  on  the  subject 
of  these  voyages  to  Central  America  may  thus 
be  explained."   (Gaffarel,  "  Jean  Ango.")    From 
another  part  of  the  same  book  we  take  the  fol- 


COLOmZATION  OF  AMKHlCA.  H 

lowing  paasage  :->-«  Spanish  and  Portngnese  ex- 
ercised a  jealous  and  careful  eurveilianco  over 
all  ships,  of  whatovor  country,  and  woo  to  the 
iinpriidont  stranger  who  allowed  himself  to  be 
surprised  by  them  I  He  was  considered  as  a 
pirate,  and  treated  witliout  pity." 

The  French,  alid  especially  the  Bretons,  were 
111  reality  the  only  rivals  of  the  English  in  the 
region  of  the  Baccalaos,  as  the  Gulf  of  St  Law- 
reiK-e  and  the  adjacent  lands  were  called,  from 
the  u bundance  of  codfish  that  were  taken  tliere 
Die  hrst  voyages  of  the  Cabots  were  followed  in 
1501  and  1502  by  expeditions,  probably  abortive 
or  at  any  rate,  without  striking  results,  under' 
taken  by  Englishmen,  in  conjunction  with  Por- 
tu^mese  from  the  Azores.     In  1503,  Sebastian 
Cabot  IS  believed  to  have  undertaken  a  third 
voya^^e,  when  he  bi  ought  home  three  savages, 
and  a  record  has  been  found  of  the  payment  of 
one  pound  to  a  man  that  brought  hawks  from 
tlie  new  isle.     In  1504,  two  pounds  were  paid 
to  a  preste  that  goeth  to  the  new  Ilande,"  and 
in  lo04-6,  we  find  the  first  authenticated  voyages 
of  the  Bretons  and  Normans.     From  1506   we 

tl.f^T*''!"?^^^''^"^^'  "^""^  ^^  ^^y^^^^^  ""til, 

in  1527,  John  Rut,  an  Englishman,  found  in  St. 
John  s  Bay  nearly  fifty  ships,  English,  French, 
and  1  ortuguese,  while  in  1543-45,  during  the 
months  of  January  and  February,  at  least  two 
B  nps  every  day  left   the   porte  of  JSformandy 

T  for  these  regions.  Into  the  later  history 
of  these  rich  fisheries,  and  the  quarrels  they  have 
occasioned,  it  is  not  our  province  to  enter 

In  1534,  and  again  in  1535,  1541,  and  1643, 
Jacques  Cartier  made  voyages  of  exploration  and 


22         THE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 

partial  settlement  along  the  St.  Lawrence,  whi^Ji 
may  be  said  to  have  been  the  precursors,  although 
not  the  real  commencement,  of  the  French  oc- 
cupation of  those  regions. 

What  especially  strikes  us  in  reading  the  his- 
tory of  all  tliese  voyages,  and   in   studying  the 
maps  to  which  they  gave  rise,  is,  that  with  tlie 
exception  of  one  or  two  instances,  about  which 
opinion  is  much  divided,  such  as  the  explorations 
of  NTerrazano  in  1523-4  and  the  alleged  voyage 
of  Thevet  in  1555-6,  the  communication  with 
North  and  Central  America  seems  to  have  fol- 
lowed with  almost  in-variable  persistency  one  or 
other  of  two  well-marked  routes,  viz. :  the  Span- 
ish route  to  the  West  Indies  and  the  English  route 
to  Newfoundland.      Between    New  York  and 
Florida  the  coast  seems  hardly  to  have  been 
known.     The  earliest  maps,  up  to  about  1520, 
leave  its  very  existence  in  uncertainty,  and  for 
many  years  after  the  voyages  of  Verrazano  in 
1523-4,  and  Gomez  in  1525,  who  were  the  first 
to  traverse  and  describe  the  coast,  the  maps  made 
no  indication  of  the  long  stretch  of  coast-line  be- 
tween New  York  and  Florida. 

The  state  of  European  knowledge  regarding  the 
American  continent  was  still  very  unsatisfactory, 
when  in  1584  Ricliard  liakluyt  wrote  his  famous 
Discourse  on  Western  Planting,  which  has  been 
published  by  the  Maine  Historical  Society.  In 
1583  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  sailed  on  his  ill-fated 
voyage,  as  recorded  in  Hakluyt.  The  accounts 
of  this  voyage  are  interesting  for  the  descriptions 
they  give  of  Newfoundland  ?t  that  period,  but 
although,  as  one  of  the  accounts  tells  us,  the  voy- 
age was  taken  partly  in  order  to  searcli  for  the 


COLONIZATION  OF  AMERICA.  38 

.orthc-n  El  Dorado,  Nornmbega,  yet,  owing  to 
>ts  disastrous    ending,  the  expedition    got   „o 
arther  than  tlie  coasts  of  Newfoundland     The 
firs    real  attempt  at  a   colonization  of  United 
States  territory  was  that  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
...  Vu-gmia.    So  little  was  known  of  the  chamc 
ter  of  tuis  partof  the  coast  that  the  report  of  The 
wo  captains,  Amadas  and  Barlow,  sent  out  by 
hn„,  came  hke  the  discovery  of  a  new  count,/ 
although  th.8  was  n  1584,  nearly  a  century  af L; 
thhrst  voyages  along  the  two  main  routes  above 
.ndicated^    The  iirst  colonists  in  1585  had  to  be 
taken  off  agam  in  1586,  and,  other  private  at 
te-npts  being  also  failures,  the  PlymCth  and 

SrS^Tr'  f'""'^  ^^-g-a  Compant 
ei  0  lormed  The  former  extended  from  Lons 
fc  and  Sound  to  Maine,  and  on  the  dissolution  of 
to  company,  ,n  1620,  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  made 
l.en-  well-known  settlement  in  New  Engknd 

0  r  W  TTf/  '°°"^'^'  *»''«"  «'«'■•  leave!f  the 
Old  World  at  the  very  port  which  had  given its 
»...e  to  the  company  on  whose  abandoned" 
ntones  they  now  landed. 

It  is  not  our  purpose  to  trace  out  the  history  of 
colonization  in  America.  Enough  ha^  beeniM 
0  show  that  it  is  to  the  northern  line  of  route  tl 

iXd  V"'  ''''^"""^"  °^  i-i-^  2 

urv  bv  ?„/         Tfl'""^  '"  ""^  "f'-^^n"'  eent- 

6t  vov!       '"''  ^'''f """  ^^-"^oKwho  on  their 

te    voyage  may  probably  have  taken  the  old 

CZn  -V'l''"'''  "^  Hudson  did  at  a 

wed  U  r    "  "'"  '"''"'  """^  *«  t''«^«  who 

iItt   f  11)     ^^  ™"''  "^"^"^  '•>«  settlement  of 

l.e  United  States  of  to-day.    French,  Dutch  and 

Swedes,  as  well  as  English,  all  used'thirrlte 


84         THE  ENGLISH  REDISCOVERY  AND 

but  tlio  English  became  at  last  the  dominant  race 
in  the  country,  and  it  was  men  of  English  birth 
or  English  descent,  who,  in  1776,  took  into  their 
own  hands  the  government  of  their  own  country. 
Quite  different  has  been  the  part  played  bv 
Spain  in  the  New  World.    Without  entering  intj) 
the  history  of  the  atrocities  committed  in  other 
parts  of  America,  we  liere  confine  ourselves  to 
denying  tiiat  Spain  took  any  considerable  or  useful 
siiare  in  the  founding  of  the  United  States.    A 
settlement  in  Florida,  which  was  ceded  to  Eiig- 
land,  in  exchange  for  Havana,  in  1753,  the  ht- 
ter  place  having  been  capi;:.-ed  during  the  war, 
and   a   line  of  missions  and  other   settlements 
along  the    Pacific  coast— these   were  the  chief 
claims  that  could  be  made  by  Spain  to  anything 
like  a  share  in  the  honor  of  having  helped  to 
found  or  form  the   present  nation.     And  these 
amount  to  virtually  nothing.     The  honor  is  due, 
not  to  the  proud  and  selfish  Spanish  grandees-so 
ably  drawn  by  Kingsley  in  his  immortal  ''  West- 
ward   Ho !  "—but  rather  to  the  Cabots,  to  the 
Drakes,  Grenvilles,  and  Raleighs,  who  braved 
the  power  of    Spain   and   defeated   her  huirest 
armadas,  thereby  arresting,  in  its  full  career  and 
in  the  height  of  its  power,  a  double  tyranny  of 
Church  and  State,  which,  had  it  been  allowed  to 
hold  its  course  unchecked,  would  infallibly  have 
strangled,  in  its  earliest  infancy,  the  civilization 
and  freedom  of  which  America  now  so  loudly 
boasts.     When  the  mines  and  treasure-houses  of 
Aztecs  and  Incas  had  been  exhausted,  when  the 
last   Indian  had  succumbed  to  the  white  man's 
fetters  or  the  white  man's  faith,  what  would  have 
been  the  condition  of  the  country,  under  a  purely 


i 


COLONIZATION  OF  AMERICA.  if, 

Spanish  rule  ?    The  national  conditions  and  re- 
sources  at  present  realized  in  tlie  United  States 
would  not  have  been  in  existence.     So  far  from 
ten,,,  due  to  the  trinmpl,  of  Cohnnbns  and  of 
Spin,  they  s.gnali;ie  the  defeat  of  both.     The 
og,-,,e  o   cvihzation  at  present  existing  in  Con: 
n.  a,id  ^onthern  America  is  dne.ahnost  entirely 
0  the  same  progressive  forces  working  indireetly 
rough  the  medium  of  the  United^Sta   s^  ^^ 
«tl  r  advanced  powe.^,  not  to  any  virtue  of  their 
mother  country.    It  is  through  the  northern  rome 
across  he  Atlantic  that  the  North  American  con 
nont  has  received  the  „,eans  and  the  Z;; to 
^lio«;  such  evidences  of  culture  and  ciWIilaTion 
a--,    be  set  forth  at  Chicago  in  1893,and  S 
...tmn  and  exhibition  may  well  serve  a^^a 
tern,-  rem.nder,  to  all  „,ankind,  that  Spain' afall 
cveuts,  d.d  not  either  find  or  found  the  natln 


Ericksson  ^^  Columbus. 


Brown. 

Brown. 


By  Marie  X.. 


u 


The  Icelandic  Discoverers  of  America. 
12mo,  cloth,  ilhxstrated,  75c. 

Modern  historians  are  pretty  generally  agreed 
that  America  was  actually  first  made  known  to  the  eastern 
world  by  the  indefatigable  Norsemen.     Yet  in  spite  of  this 
fact,  Columbus  has  been,  and  still  continues  to  be,  revered 
as  the  one  man  to  whose  genius  and  courage  the  discovery 
of  the  New   World  is  due.    Miss  Brown  justly  says  u 
should  be  altogether  foreign  to  American  institutions  aud 
ideas  of  liberty  and  honor  to  countenance  longer  the  wor 
ship  of  a  false  idol.    The  author  first  proceeds  to  set  forth 
the  evidence  upon  which  the  claims  of  the  Norsemen  rest. 
The  author  charges  that  the  heads  of  the  Roman  Catliolic 
Church  were  early  cognizant  of  this  discovery  of  the 
Norsemen,  but  that  they  suppressed  this  information.  Tho 
motives  for  this  concealment  are  charged  to  their  well- 
known  reluctance  to  allow  any  credit  to  non-Catl.olic  be- 
lievers, under  which  head  at  that  time  the  Norsemen  were 
included.    They  preferred  that  the  new  world  sliould  first 
be  made  known  to  southern  Europe  by  adherents  to  tho 
Roman  Ciitholic  faith.    Most  damaging  evidence  against 
Columbus's  having  originated,   unaided,   the  idea  of  a 
western  world  or  route  to  India  is  furnished  by  the  fact 
that  he  visited  Iceland  in  person  in  the  spring  of  1477, 
when  he  must  have  heard  rumors  of  the  early  voyages. 
He  is  known  to  have  visited  the  harbor  at  llvalf  jord,  on 
the  south  coast  of  Iceland,  at  a  time  when  that  harbor  was 
most    frequented,    and    also    at    the    same   time   whtii 
Bishop  Magnus  is  known  to  have  been  there.     They  must 
have  met,   and  as  they  had  means  of   commuuiciUing 
through  the  Latin  language,  would  naturally  have  spoken 
of  these  distant  countries.    We  have  no  hint  of  tlie  object 
of  this  visit  of  Columbus,  for  he  scrupulously  avoids  sub- 
secjuent  mention  of  it ;  but  the  author  pleases  to  consider 
it  as  a  secret  mission  instigated  by  the  Church  for  the  pur- 

Sose  of  obtaining  all  available  information  concerning  tlie 
[orse  discoveries.  Certain  it  is  that  soon  after  his  return 
to  Spain  we  find  him  petitioning  the  King  and  Queen  fur 
a  grant  of  ships  and  men  to  further  the  enterprise  ;  aud  lie 
was  willing  to  wait  for  mOre  than  fourteen  years  before  lie 
obtained  them.  His  extravagant  demands  of  the  Kiugaud 
Queen  concerning  the  rights,  titles,  and  percentage  of  all 
derived  from  the  countries  *  he  was  about  to  discover '  can 
hardly  be  viewed  in  any  other  light  than  that  of  positivu 
knowledge  concerning  their  existence.  The  closing  chap- 
ters of  the  book  are  devoted  to  a  comparison  between  Ice- 
land and  Spain — their  customs,  institutions,  and  learning 
— and  between  the  brave  Norsemen,  who  fearlessly  sailed 
out  into  the  unknown  ocean  in  search  of  adventure,  and 
the  cowardly  Spanish  crew,  procured  with  difllculty  and 
constantly  mutinous,  who  accompanied  Columbi  s.  Tliis 
work  is  powerfully  written,  and  it  cannot  fail  to  imoress 
whoever  reads  it." — Public  Opinion.  Washington. 


mbus. 

ica.    By  Marie  X.. 

erally  agreed 
n  to  the  eastern 
t  in  spite  of  this 
!S  to  be,  revered 
;c  the  discovery 

justly  says  U 
ustitutious  and 
onger  the  wor- 
leds  to  set  forth 
Norsemen  rest. 
toman  Catholic 
scovery  of  the 
formation.  The 

to  their  welj- 
)n-Catl'.olic  be- 
Norsemen  were 
)rld  should  first 
Iherents  to  the 
i^idence  against 

the  idea  of  a 
d  by  the  fact 
ipring  of  1477, 
I  early  voyages, 

llvalfjord,  on 
;hat  harbor  was 
le  time  when 
B.  They  must 
3ommuuic;iting 
ly  liave  spoken 
it  of  the  object 
sly  avoids  sub- 
les  to  consider 
•ch  for  the  pur- 
concerning  tlie 
ifter  his  return 
ind  Queen  for 
n-prise ;  and  lie 
years  before  lie 
of  the  King  ami 
•ceutage  of  all 
0  discover '  can 
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